电子电路模电数电计算器
Whip Antenna Calculator
The whip antenna is a stiff but flexible wire mounted, usually vertically, with one end
adjacent to a ground plane. The whip antenna can also be called a half-dipole antenna.
These
antennas are widely used for mobile applications and hand-held radios. They are
usually attached to a vehicle and designed to be flexible, so that they don't break when
struck.
The capacitance is related by a formula and is a function of the percentage of wavelength.
The matching inductor is chosen such that the antenna resonates at the desired frequency.
When the antenna is perfectly tuned then it looks like a pure resistance tied to ground.
This resistance is known as the radiation resistance.
鞭状天线长度计算器
四分之一波长鞭状天线是最常见的简易天线:一根竖直导体加一块地平面,长度取 λ/4 就能谐振在目标频率。实际长度还要乘缩短系数(约 0.95),因为导体末端存在边缘电容,等效电长度比物理长度略长。
使用方法
- 填入工作频率(MHz)
- 选择缩短系数(默认 0.95)
- 读取四分之一波长、实际鞭长与所需地平面尺寸
计算公式
| 四分之一波长 | λ/4 = 75 / f(MHz) 自由空间,单位 m |
|---|---|
| 实际鞭长 | L = 75 / f · k k 为缩短系数,直导线取 0.95 |
| 地平面尺寸 | D ≥ λ/4 理想情况,实际可用车身或金属板替代 |
计算示例
- λ/4 = 75 / 145 ≈ 0.517 m
- 乘缩短系数 0.95 得 0.491 m ≈ 49 cm
- 地平面建议不小于 50 cm 见方
要点与常见误区
- 地平面不足会让驻波比升高、方向图畸变,手持设备常用人体或对讲机外壳充当地。
- 加感线圈可以缩短鞭长,但带宽和效率都会下降。
- 天线尽量远离金属物体,靠近会改变谐振点导致驻波变差。
常见问题
- 为什么实际长度要比理论短 5%?
- 导体末端有边缘电容,使电流分布略超出物理末端,等效电长度变长,所以物理长度要缩短才能谐振。
- 鞭状天线需要接地吗?
- 需要。鞭状是单极天线,必须有地平面形成回流,否则辐射效率极低。
- 驻波比多少算正常?
- 业余条件下 1.5 以内良好,2.0 以内可用,超过 3 说明明显失谐,需要修剪或加匹配。
